Material Review Board - 1261 Words

Material Review Board (MRB) ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Quick Link Bottom of Form Scope This procedure covers determining the disposition of MRB material and identifying corrective action to prevent future discrepancies. Policy The Material Review Board (MRB) consists of representatives from the following departments: * Manufacturing Engineering * Materials * Quality * Purchasing Only the Material Review Board (MRB) can disposition material that fails inspection - that is, only MRB can decide to * scrap material * rework completed assemblies * transfer MRB material to stock * return purchased items to the supplier (including customer-supplied production†¦show more content†¦Refer to Moving Material from Receiving Inspection to MRB [../FND/@PRO1191Y]. For production material rejected from quality inspection, an Inspection Tag and a copy of the DMR are attached to the material. For customer returns rejected from quality inspection, an Inspection Tag, a copy of the DMR, and a copy of the Returned Material Authorization are attached to the material. The original DMR is filed in the MRB suspense file. The job title Material Review Board refers to the following: * Inventory Control Manager * Manufacturing Engineering Manager * Production Control Manager * Purchasing Manager * Quality Manager The job title Inspector refers to one of the following: * Receiving Inspector * Quality Inspector Quality Manager 1. Determine whether any MRB material requires disposition. Oracle Inventory N gt; On-hand, Availability gt; On-hand Quantity Find On-hand Quantities * Check on hand quantities for the MRB subinventory. Oracle Work in Process N gt; Report Submit Requests * Select the WIP Location Report * Check for assemblies in the reject intraoperation step. If any MRB material requires disposition, goto task #3. Otherwise, goto task #2. 2. Cancel the MRB meeting. * Contact the MRB members to inform them that there is no MRB material to disposition today. End of activity. 3. Pull the MRB documentation. *Show MoreRelatedThe Common Rule and Human Research Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesmaltreatment of human subjects from the Syphilis Study at Tuskegee (Iltis, 2011). Some key requirements of the Common Rule are: assuring compliance by research institutions, obtaining and documenting informed consent, Institutional Review Board (IRB) membership, function, operations, review or research, and record keeping. It included additional safeguards for vulnerable subjects such as pregnant women and neonates, in vitro fertilization and fetuses, protection of prisoners, children and the mentally disabledRead MoreThe Case With Zora Hurston s Compilation Of Collected Stories973 Words   |  4 PagesResearch today has limits and standards to protect study participants and researchers alike, all in an attempt to facilitate ethical data collection for reliable results. A universal research body, such as the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at UVM, governs these set val ues. However, early anthropological research often deviated from ethical standards and broke basic research rights. Such is the case with Zora Hurston’s compilation of collected stories in Mules and Men. After returning to her hometownRead MoreHow the Role of an Audit Firm has Expanded Over Time1349 Words   |  6 Pagesof these services plays a different, yet important, role in helping manage a company’s financial health. 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Project Management Essay - 1394 Words

Project Management Project Management is quickly becoming a field of study and importance in the business world. A search on the Internet of the title â€Å"Project Management† yields hundreds or results including forums, training manuals and job openings for related positions. Project Management is a broad term referencing the necessary steps taken by management to ensure a product is feasible before and during implementation. According to Project Management Learning Objectives, the steps to achieve success in this area include: testing and measuring products, evaluating and managing the product cycle, comparing costs and benefits, measuring product worth, economic analysis, product analysis, teambuilding and leadership, and budgeting†¦show more content†¦When everyone on the team is expected to contribute to the ideas and goals of the project, they gain a personal emotional attachment to the project outputs. The Guru Guide explains that â€Å"The most productive organization is the one in which â€Å"there is the largest Amount of voluntary action; people do the right things, things that optimize Total effectiveness, at the right times-because they understand what ought to be Done, they believe these are the right things to do, and they take the necessary actions without being instructed† (Boyett, 37). Research has proven that employees are more likely to work towards company goals when they [employees] believe in and support the goals. It is imperative that management and employees determine project goals to ensure that everyone is working toward the same goals and outputs. An implemented project with no employee backing will not be as successful because employees do not feel the project is their project, therefore, they do not see the outputs as representation of themselves. Since many projects require a large amount of time to complete, many times employees may find themselves loosing sight of the goals. There are many different ways to eliminate such problems. Management of Projects Online suggests that management take the following steps in reducing project burnout: make sure to appoint project leaders to every aspect of the project; the leaders should be committed and motivate the employees. Continue toShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. 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To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

Substance Abuse And Addiction Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(33) " a male otherwise from a female\." â€Å" Tens of 1000000s of Americans use habit-forming substances. Twenty-five million have a history of intoxicant dependance and more than five million qualify as difficult nucleus chronic drug users † ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . The alterations in the encephalon make it hard for people to halt mistreating drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse And Addiction Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research shows that â€Å" uniting dependence intervention medicines with behavioural therapy is the best manner to guarantee success for most patients † ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Treatment is tailored to the patient ‘s maltreatment or dependence job and any other jobs they may hold medically, socially, or psychologically. Statement of Problem The job of substance maltreatment and dependence is a turning job. Prevention is the key to assist control and halt this job. Intervention, parental influence, and the media can all impact a individual and their job. Substance dependence occurs when â€Å" after important exposure, users find themselves prosecuting in compulsive, repeated, and unwanted usage despite clearly harmful effects, and frequently despite a strong desire to discontinue unconditionally ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . Peoples in the United States have spent over $ 150 billion on baccy merchandises, alcoholic drinks, cocaine, diacetylmorphine, marihuana, and Methedrines ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . Social costs such as wellness attention, non-productivity, and offense sum more than $ 300 billion per twelvemonth ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . Drugs are â€Å" chemicals that tap into the encephalon ‘s communicating system and interrupt the manner nervus cells usually send, receive, and procedure information † ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . The drugs can direct incorrect messages to the encephalon by directing big sums of Dopastat into the system. By over-stimulating the system, the euphoric consequence causes a individual to reiterate the behaviour of mistreating drugs ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Through changeless usage, the euphoric consequence wears off and the individual must go on taking the drug, and perchance more of the drug, in order to capture that experiencing once more. â€Å" Brain imaging surveies of dependent persons shows alterations in countries of the encephalon that are critical to judgement, determination devising, acquisition, memory, and behavior control. These alterations drive an maltreater to seek out and take drugs obsessively despite inauspicious effects to go addicted to drugs † ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Drug dependence is preventable. NIDA funded research show â€Å" that bar plans that involve the household, schools, communities, and the media are effectual in cut downing substance maltreatment. Although many events and cultural factors affect substance maltreatment tendencies, when young persons perceive substance maltreatment as harmful, they cut down their drug pickings. It is imperative that in order to assist the young person and the general populace to understand the hazard of substance maltreatment and for instructors, parents, and health care professionals to maintain directing the message that drug dependence can be prevented if a individual ne’er abuses drugs † ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Discussion Substance dependence is a â€Å" chronic, frequently get worsing encephalon disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and utilize despite harmful effects to the person that is addicted and to those around them. It is a encephalon disease because the maltreatment of drugs can take to alterations in the construction and map of the encephalon † ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Substance maltreatment involves the â€Å" perennial and inordinate usage of chemical substances to accomplish a certain consequence † ( Segal and Cutter, 2009 ) . Substance dependence and maltreatment compels a individual to go haunted with obtaining and utilizing drugs despite the many inauspicious wellness and life jobs ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . The research indicates people abuse drugs because they think they feel better on drugs. It is besides stated in research they take drugs in order to get by with the many troubles they may be confronting in their life. â€Å" Drugs exert their effects mostly on the motive and pleasance tracts of the encephalon ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Drugs affect the encephalon chemicals because the â€Å" chemical construction of the drugs is similar to encephalon chemicals or neurotransmitters † ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . â€Å" Similarity in construction allows them to be recognized by nerve cells and to change normal encephalon messages † ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Addiction is a â€Å" developmental disease which normally beings in adolescence † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . â€Å" Sixty-seven per centum of adolescence will experiment with marihuana for the first clip between the ages of 12 and 17 † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Prevention would necessitate to get down at an early age in order to halt substance maltreatment before it starts. Causes There is no conclusive grounds why person can go addicted to a substance and another individual does non. In dependence there is a force which creates an inability to acquire control of a state of affairs. If a individual is in hurting, they may take a hurting pill. Once the hurting subsides any little feeling of hurting and the individual will take another pill. The individual becomes use to the feeling that the pill is giving them relief irrespective of how terrible or non the hurting still is. This is when people abuse prescribed medicines, nonprescription medicines or illegal pills. Substance maltreatment can besides be a trigger when a individual is experiencing down or lonely. Taking a pill can assist control that feeling. There are other triggers which can do dependence: household history, history of mental unwellness, untreated physical hurting, and peer force per unit area ( Segal and Cutter, 2009 ) . Vulnerability is a â€Å" merchandise of the interaction of a individual ‘s biological science, cistrons, environment, and age † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Studies show that along with environment, emphasis, and equal influence, genetic sciences attribute anyplace from 40 % to 60 % per centum toward sensitivity to dependence. Environmental factors besides contribute to a individual ‘s impulse to take drugs. Factors such as a history of physical or sexual maltreatment, witnessing a violent act, or emphasize all influence the individual ‘s pick ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Gender besides affects substance maltreatment and dependence. Abuse and dependence can impact a male otherwise from a female. You read "Substance Abuse And Addiction Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Research on grownup substance maltreaters has â€Å" revealed a figure of societal and psychological differences between males and females that have of import deductions for intervention † ( Toray, Coughlin, Vuchinich and Patricelli, 1991 ) . A survey was done on 930 male and female striplings who were in intervention for substance maltreatment. They were analyzed to understand the difference between the genders ( Toray et. Al, 1991 ) . While category and ethnicity influence the logical thinking behind adolescent substance maltreatment, small research has been done to understand how gender affects maltreatment and dependence. Research showed that â€Å" gender differences may be in psychosocial factors such as depression and parental and equal influences which determine substance usage forms † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Men are more likely to seek intervention so adult females are. â€Å" The survey showed that 20 % of all clients in publically funded intervention services were adult females † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Because of societal stigma, adult females seem to be less unfastened about their jobs. Female substance maltreaters â€Å" tend to self-medicate to acquire off from emotional hurting † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . There are great differences in the figure of males and females who receive intervention. Females study higher rates of self-destruction, depression, and physical and sexual mal treatment so males do. Because of these differences, the success of intervention can be less successful for females ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Data was collected from 1981 through 1988 from 930 striplings. Of these striplings, 90 % were from in-between category households and 10 % were from lower and upper category households. The age span was 16 old ages old for males and 15 old ages old for female. The striplings were chiefly of white beginning ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . The intent of this research was to garner information about the young person ‘s drug history and household history and to profile the young person sing their drug usage. The group was asked the particulars of their drug usage – what they used and how frequently. They were given a psychological profile sing depression, self-destruction efforts, physical and/or sexual maltreatment. They besides were asked about their parent ‘s history of drug usage and whether they used drugs, intoxicant, or both ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . The major differences found between males and females were in â€Å" suicide efforts, physical and/or sexual maltreatment and household drug history with female rates significantly higher so male rates † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . The female substance maltreater may be â€Å" confronted with psychological, household, and cultural barriers in recovery non found by males † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Recovery is a long and difficult procedure and may be more hard for a female because resources available to females â€Å" lack sensitiveness to a figure of issues she may be confronting such as stigmatisation and sexual victimization † ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . It is critical that a female receive the appropriate support both during and after intervention. Rational Peoples have many grounds for remaining addicted to substances. They might believe â€Å" ingestion of the habit-forming good is non every bit harmful, that persons possess subjective beliefs refering this injury, and that beliefs are optimally updated information gained through ingestion † ( Orphanides and Zervos, 1995 ) . Parents, guidance, and equals can assist a individual get through this tough stage of their life. There is intervention out at that place where the dependence can be controlled and non take over person ‘s life. Peoples ‘s dependences are non merely to substances but to other things such as work, eating, and faith. Rational Choice Theory can explicate a assortment of habit-forming behaviours. The theory â€Å" derives conditions that determine whether steady province ingestion degrees are unstable or stable. Unstable steady provinces are important to the apprehension of rational dependence † ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . The variables determine whether a individual can go addicted to a certain good and the effects that it causes. Consumption of a substance will demo how a individual responds to alterations sing the substance. It besides shows how a individual responds to stressful things that are go oning in their life and if it increases the demand for the substance ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . â€Å" The Rational Choice Theory implies that â€Å" traveling cold Meleagris gallopavo is used to stop strong dependences, that nuts frequently go on orgies, that addicts respond more to permanent than to impermanent alterations in monetary values of habit-forming goods, and that anxiousness and tensenesss can precipitate and dependence ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . A individual decides to stop his dependence if â€Å" events lower either his demand for the habit-forming good sufficiently or his stock of ingestion capital sufficiently † ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . There needs to be an interaction between the individual and the good in order for the individual to halt the dependence. Rational individuals end stronger dependences more quickly than weaker 1s can. Media, Parents, and Peers The United States Office of National Drug Control Policy late â€Å" launched a media run intended to cut down illegal drug usage by the immature Americans † ( Lu, Zanutto, Hornik and Rosenbaum, 2001 ) . This survey was done with 521 teens and it compared teens that had been exposed to the media run and those that were non. The research was done based on three inquiries: â€Å" ( 1 ) In recent months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug commercials on telecasting or heard them on the wireless? ( 2 ) In recent months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug ads in newspapers or magazines? ( 3 ) In recent months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug ads in film theatres or on pictures? † ( Lu, et Al, 2001 ) . Older kids reported â€Å" less exposure to the media run than the younger kids, but gender and race showed small or no relationship to exposure † ( Lu, et Al, 2001 ) . Social larning theory sing emphasis and header were integrated to organize a ground for adolescent drug usage from informations obtained from 343 young persons. Parental rejection, aberrant equals, and low self-pride increased the stripling ‘s chance of drug usage. Findingss suggest that intervention should include single guidance and household therapy with an accent on rearing patterns ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . This survey was done in a Midwestern metropolis with a population of 250,000. The stripling ‘s interviewed were between the ages of 13 to 17 old ages. They completed a two-hour interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on demographic information, household state of affairs, peer relationships, psychological wellbeing, delinquent behaviour, and drug/alcohol usage ( Simon and Robertson, 1989 ) . 189 were male and 154 were female. They came from all different walks of life. Consequences found that substance maltreatment among young persons was â€Å" associated with weak bonds to household and strong bonds to a aberrant equal group † ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . Parental rejection increased the usage of substance maltreatment amongst young person. Rejected kids tended to â€Å" mistrust and impute malevolent motivations to others, with the consequence being a defensive, if non aggressive, attack to equals interactions † ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . Parental rejection is â€Å" positively related and self-esteem negatively related to avoidant get bying. There was no important coefficient between either parent ‘s imbibing form and avoidant header and parental rejection and aggressiveness are positively associated with engagement in a aberrant equal group † ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . Prevention and Treatment Geting the message out sing substance maltreatment and dependence being harmful demands to get down at an early age. Most people become addicted can non halt without aid. In the addicted encephalon, â€Å" the control circuit becomes impaired because of drug usage and loses much of its repressive power over the circuits that drive responses to stimuli deemed salient † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Substance maltreatment intervention needs to handle the whole individual non merely the substance job. Behavior therapy can modify a individual ‘s attitude and behaviour as it relates to the substance maltreatment. There are medicines that a individual can take to handle the symptoms. Peoples that want to halt pickings can take a medical specialty that will assist control their desire to towards their dependence. Since substance maltreatment is really complex, there are many different types of intervention. Substance maltreatment intervention includes â€Å" detoxification, direction of drug dependance, and bar of backsliding † ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . Treatment plans are varied and multifaceted. Treatment falls into two classs: â€Å" drugs that affect physiological procedures and therapies that aim to modify behaviour † ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . Prescription medicines can supply a utility drug for the existent drug and barricade the physiological effects of the abused drug. They can besides assist the effects of backdown. Therapy and guidance can assist to alter a individual ‘s behaviour. â€Å" Peer support self-help groups modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, behavioural conditioning to change one ‘s response to drug stimulations, accomplishment development, or long term intervention in a closed residential scene str essing substance abstention and acquisition of new attitudes and behaviour † ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) , are all apart of acquiring effectual intervention. A â€Å" loving, fostering relationship with household has shown to be an of import portion though which a individual can larn to care, to give, and to compromise in relationships with others † ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . Backsliding Peoples do non acquire cured when they go through intervention. Peoples become clean and sober. Substance maltreatment requires womb-to-tomb intervention. Peoples need to be able to acquire where they can â€Å" pull off their recovery and recover their lives † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . If a individual relapses, it needs to function as a trigger that a different intervention or intercession demands to be used. The added support of a group, reding, household, and friends can assist a individual get through intervention. â€Å" The odds of staying abstentious rise if a patient has been abstinent for one to three old ages. After three old ages, the recovery odds remain high and stable. Addiction requires an on-going and active disease direction scheme † ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Backsliding is common and frequently repeated interventions are required. Successful intervention relies in portion on how much clip is spent in a intervention plan. Those who remain in a plan for at least a twelvemonth are less likely to return to their substance maltreatment or dependence ( The National Institute on Drug Addiction, 1996 ) . Opportunities of backsliding are influenced by the same biological, psychological, behavioural, societal, and environmental factors that they originally faced. The longer person abstains from substance maltreatment, the better the opportunity of them remaining clean and sober in the hereafter ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . Decision This paper covers substance maltreatment and dependence and its affects. The research was based on intercession and bar and the influences around a individual including the media, parents, and equals. This subject was chosen because of the turning job with substance maltreatment and dependence in the United States. Merely in my town entirely, there are changeless reminders everyday of the job and how it affects the town, the schools, and the individual ‘s household. The paper was developed around why and how a individual abuses or becomes dependence to a substance. The paper besides discusses the different research done sing substance maltreatment and dependence particularly refering striplings. The paper besides discusses the bar of substance maltreatment and dependence and those around them that can assist such as household, friends, and support groups. Even though there are drugs which can assist a individual, there still is the job of going addicted. Because so many people have a substance maltreatment and dependence, dependence still remains a job in the United States. Reasons for dependence and maltreatment are eternal. Without the aid and support of household, friends, and intervention, the dependence will go on. Even with support, people may decline it. The addicted individual demands to desire to halt their dependence. Annotated Bibliography Becker, G.S. , and Murphy, K.M. ( 1988 ) . A theory of rational dependence. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 675-700. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable.1830469.pdf This article discusses how a individual rationalizes their substance maltreatment or dependence and what they future may keep for them. Bernheim, B.D. , and Rangel, A. ( 2004 ) . Addiction and cue-triggered determination procedures. The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 5 pp. 1558-1590. American Economic Association. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable/3592834.pdf This article discusses why users find themselves prosecuting in usage even if they might desire to halt. The user knows the effects of what they are making and might desire to halt but can non. It besides discusses the money that is spent on substance maltreatment in the United States. It besides talks about forms of habit-forming behaviour. Lu, B. , Zanutto, E. , Homik, R. , and Rosenbaum, P.R. ( 2001 ) . Matching with doses in an experimental survey of a media run against drug maltreatment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 96, No. 456 pp. 1245- 1253. American Statistical Association. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable/3085887.pdf This article discusses how the media might act upon habit-forming behaviour and how the media could be used in a positive manner. MedicineNet, Inc. ( 2008 ) . Drug maltreatment and dependence. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=25825 This article discusses what drug dependence is and why some people might go addicted and some do non. Factors include biological science, environment, and development. Orphanides, A. , and Zervos, D. ( 1995 ) . Rational dependence with acquisition and sorrow. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 103, No. 4 pp. 739-758. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable/2138580.pdf This article discusses how people did non believe that they could go addicted and how they regret their past determinations. Saisan, J. , Segal, J. , and Cutter, D. , ( 2009 ) . Drug maltreatment and dependence. Signs, symptoms, and assist for drug jobs. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/drug_substance_abuse_addiction_signs_effects_treatment This article discusses what to look for in a individual that you might believe has a substance maltreatment or dependence job. It discusses the causes of the maltreatment and the different types of maltreatment. St. simons, R.L. , and Robertson, J.F. ( 1989 ) . The impact of rearing factors, aberrant equals, and get bying manner upon adolescent drug usage. Family Relations, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 273-281. National Council on Family Relations. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable/585052.pdf This article deals with research on stripling substance usage and maltreatment. This information was obtained from research done on 343 young persons. The research dealt with parental interaction, their equals, and how the young persons felt about themselves. The National Institute on Drug Abuse ( 1996 ) . Drug usage. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hq.nasa.gov/office/ospp/securityguide/Eap/Drugs.htm This article discusses the difference between drug usage, maltreatment, and dependance. It talks about drug dangers and their badness. It besides discusses the drug maltreatment intervention. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, ( 2008 ) . NIDA for teens: Facts on drugs – Anabolic steroids. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teens.drugabuse.gov/facts/facts_ster1.php This article talks about steroid usage among jocks, how they are used, and the effects of the drug. It besides discusses the range of usage among teens. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, ( 2009 ) . Addiction scientific discipline: From molecules to pull off attention. National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching6/Teaching1.html This is a series of articles that discusses everything from wellness effects to the money spent of drugs. It touches on HIV/AIDS. It discusses what happens to the encephalon when a individual is on drugs. It talks about how and why people become addicted to drugs. It discusses what factors affect the interaction of drugs and how the environment affects the use. It besides touches on intervention and what can be done in the instance of a backsliding. Toray, T. , Coughlin, C. , Vuchinich, S. , and Patricelli, P. ( 1991 ) . Gender differences associated with adolescent substance maltreatment: Comparisions and deductions for intervention. Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 338-344. National Council of Family Relations. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/stable/585021.pdf This was research done on a group of 930 striplings, both male and female, who were in intervention for drug maltreatment. This research shows how substance maltreatment and dependence affects the male and female otherwise. It takes into affect the history of physical and or sexual maltreatment and household history of substance maltreatment. I. Introduction a. Substance maltreatment and dependence B. Problem today among people c. Reason of dependence II. Statement of Problem a. Relevant – large job in today ‘s society B. Way to understand job c. What causes people to go addicted? d. Why does it impact some and non others? e. Are at that place underlying jobs to the maltreatment? f. Are at that place underlying jobs to the dependence? g. How does it impact those around them? III. Discussion a. Substance maltreatment B. Substance dependence c. Social deductions d. Parental engagement e. Peer engagement IV. Causes a. What causes the maltreatment and dependence B. Statisticss c. Family history d. Peer force per unit area V. Rational behind abuse/addiction a. It ‘s all right, I can discontinue anytime b. I am non aching anyone c. It does non be that much VI. Media influence Exposure to anti drug messages Helping the cause VII. Prevention a. Parents B. Peers c. Programs d. Rehabilitation VIII.. Relapse a. Reason b. Abstinence VIIII. Decision a. Reason for dependence and/or maltreatment B. Affects of intervention c. Problem today in the United States Brooding Narrative How to cite Substance Abuse And Addiction Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Causes Of American Independence Movement free essay sample

Independent from the British 3. Define mercantilism as practiced In the colonies, In your own words as much as possible, use a dictionary If necessary. It made sure that goods were not brought to a place on a foreign ship and that exclusive materials were shipped to the colonies. It also limited wages. 4. Why might the colonists have felt that mercantilism was an unfair system? It didnt always benefit everyone the colonies for some goods can not be brought over in this system to the colonies. 5.In your opinion, which Enlightenment idea(s) had the most influence on the colonists? Why? I think that Benjamin Franklins idea of electricity and discovering it and bringing it to our country. Because without that we wouldnt be as far as we are with the electricity we have today. 6. What was the Great Awakening? It was a religious revival in American religious History that occurred in the and early 1 century. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of American Independence Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7. Describe how a population explosion and experiences of colonial self-rule might have contributed to the movement. Yes cause it shows that we can survive on our own without the help of the government and that we were doing Just fine until they thought that they should rule us because were there original 13 colonies. 8. After the French and Indian War, there was less of a need for British troops by the colonies, why? When the French lost they grew apart because wanted to govern It 13 colonies and the territories gained In the war In a uniform way. 9. Very briefly describe at least one of the restrictive laws passed by the British.The quartering act Is one where colonists had to feed, give supplies and house the British soldiers. 10. Which of the factors on the chart above was the most Important cause of the American Independent movement and why? I think that the French and Indian war because if the French wouldnt have loss would of never happened and lives would of been saved. 1 1 . There anything you would add or remove from this chart? Why or why not? I would remove the Great Awakening because it was an event that happened.

Suburban Design Essay Example

Suburban Design Essay The article entitled â€Å"How Suburban Design is Failing Teenagers† written by William L. Hamilton and published in the New York Times on May 6, 1999, is an article of great interest for a significant number of stakeholders. There are several quotes that are worth noting in light of the purpose and message of the article. The author mentioned that: Created as safe havens from the sociological ills of cities, suburbs now stand accused of creating their own environmental diseases: lack of character and the grounding principles of identity, lack of diversity or the tolerance it engenders, lack of attachment to shared, civic ideals (Hamilton 217). This statement from the author shows a general picture of how suburbs has become. It is a statement which tries to describe the suburbs not only in geographical or physical terms but in societal terms. It is an argument which has become a reality for some and this calls the attention of several actors to increase their awareness. Likewise, the author cited The Free Press with the â€Å"Parents move there for their children; their children are dying to get out† (qtd in Hamilton 218). This shows the irony of the situation but lacks further relevant explanation. Moving from one place to another is generally seen as a very hard task for children as they have to continuously undergo the process of adjustment. Likewise, there exists the fact that they are commonly not included in the decision-making process. Lastly, the author pointed out a very basic question that has become hard to answer for suburbs: â€Å"Between home and school, in a landscape drawn by cars and the adults who drive them, is there even a particular place that teen-agers can call their own? † (Hamilton 219). We will write a custom essay sample on Suburban Design specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Suburban Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Suburban Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows how much the teen-agers have been left out in the suburbs when they should have been incorporated in how suburbs are planned and designed. There are certain needs of the teenagers which are not given prior notice by the way life in the suburbs are designed. These are the points which catch the interest of the reader from a personal point of view. These hold the main thoughts and arguments of the article and provide a general guide in understanding the article. References Hamilton, William. â€Å"How Suburban Design is Failing Teenagers. † World is a Text. 2nd Ed. Ed. Jonathan Silverman and Dean Rader. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.

Wind Turbine †Research Paper

Wind Turbine – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers In his article â€Å"Move Over, Oil, Theres Money In Texas Wind,† Clifford Krauss writes about the growing popularity of wind turbines in Texas. It is an alternative source of energy, and many Texans are turning oil fields into wind farms. If the rate of wind turbines as a use of electrical generation keeps growing, wind power can become the main source of electricity in Texas and eventually the United States. Some drawbacks to wind power and turbines are that they are more expensive than fossil fuels, and on the hottest days, when it is need it the most, it is rarely windy. These turbines are increasing in size, and they are getting deadlier to bats and birds as the size of their blades increase. Despite the drawbacks to wind turbines, they are more environmentally friendly, and wind is also a renewable resource. Wind power is not only confined to Texas. Iowa, Minnesota, Colorado and Oregon have also started using wind turbines as a source of power. Long Island is also on th e same track. Other countries have also caught on to wind power, such as Germany and Spain. Most Texans are content to have wind turbines installed on their property. In fact, it raises their propertys value. Instead of worrying about the cost of oil, they have a source of energy they can rely on right in their backyards. â€Å"Even the worst days for wind dont compare to the busts in the oil business said Bobby Clark, a General Electric wind technician†(Krauss 3). Few Texans have any real issues with the growth of wind power in their state. Texans find the turbines appealing to look at, breath of fresh air in the bleak desert landscape. Colorado is also building wind turbines. Construction is already under way on the Cedar Creek project in Colorado. This wind power project will have 274 wind turbines. The Cedar Creek Wind Farm is the largest wind power project by Mortenson Construction and it is one of the largest single installations of wind turbines in the United States. â€Å"Babcock Brown and partner awarded the design-build project to Mortenson in December 2006, representing the sixth wind project built by Mortenson for Babcock Brown.† (â€Å"Cedar Creek Wind Farms†). Once Cedar Creek is finished in December 2007, the 300.5 megawatts of wind power will provide enough power for about 120,000 households and employment for approximately 30 maintenance workers. For such a small town of 150 people, the wind project has many business opportunities for employment and provides goods and services. Not everyone is pleased about the production of wind turbines. Senator Lamar Alexander was criticized from a small Colorado town for his bill that denied tax credits to some wind turbines because he complained that the tax breaks were going to an energy source that was expensive and unreliable. He stated the large wind turbines could ruin the scenery. â€Å"The senator has said the large, industrial wind turbines could be a scenic blight† ( â€Å"Winds of Change Stirring in Colorado†). During the approval process for Cedar Creek, many interested parties including the Audubon Society – had a lot to say about the project. Troy Florian, district manager for the Colorado Division of Wildlife, said his agency was worried about how the wind turbines might affect the wildlife. Wind power energy is produced not only in the U.S. It has spread worldwide. Spain is one of the three world’s largest users of wind power. Wind power has helped Spain to become more eco-friendly and gives it a head start for future, with the government leading this movement. Galacia currently leads wind power development in Spain.†Topographical and climatic conditions in Galicia make the area a favorable one for electricity production by means of wind farms†(Lindkvist). The Spanish government has been very supportive of wind turbines, including producing some Muros, which is in Galacia. Skofteland and Oyjordsbakken (2004) found that it was beneficial for the town of Muros because it created new jobs for engineers and construction workers. The people who decided to take an active role in the development of the wind turbines were people who lived around them. The Muros community saw the many changes, but the people really didnt really get involved. In general, locals had very little interest in, or knowledge of wind farms. The cost to buy the land for the wind farms was very expensive. This was done by the Santiago de Compostela windmill company, which included 10 employees living in Muros out of a total staff of 40. In Spain’s Atlantic coast, bird lovers, fishermen, and tourism officials have came together to oppose the creation of offshore wind farms, stating that they can harm birds’ migratory patterns, and make the coastline unpleasant to look at. †A biologist studied the effect that 368 turbines had on birds and bats in the Navarre region in Spain. The result was that nearly 7,000 wild birds were slaughtered in a year†( â€Å"Wind Turbine Blow to Birds and Bats†). Wind turbine projects in Long Island began in 2003, when the building an offshore wind farm was proposed. The â€Å"wind park† consisted of forty 3.6 megawatt turbines near Robert Moses State Park. The Long Island Power Authority has plans to become more dependent on wind power for the long-term. The wind park in Long Island was to be the first operating park in the United States. Although the wind turbines in Long Island could be beneficial, whether wind turbines can be constructed more than 3 miles offshore is being reviewed by the Army Corps Of Engineers. The entire project must go through much review and planning before it gets underway. Many Long Islanders are concerned that the building of wind turbines and wind farms is merely a whim of major corporations, rather than a response to the environment and people’s needs. â€Å"This ground-breaking project will prove to the country that we can generate electricity that is free of pollution and fuel surcharges, and do es not compromise our nation’s energy security†(http://lioffshorewindenergy.org). I would like to see the construction of the wind parks in Long Island because regardless of the whims of corporations, the wind turbines offer an alternative source of clean energy. The construction of the wind parks will be a good start for the United States to begin to invest more in alternative, and clean sources of energy, instead of continuing to rely on dwindling supplies of fossil fuels. Long Island is also a good place to start the placement of wind turbines because of its extensive coastline. The wind turbines should be installed further because the price of oil is skyrocketing, and unlike oil, wind power is a renewable resource. It will also decrease Long Islands dependency on foreign oil. A useful source of alternative energy is solar power. Although it is 150 million kilometers away, the sun gives off an incredible amount of power and heat that we have been able to turn into energy for our daily lives. The three main ways to harness solar power are solar cells, solar water heating, and solar water furnaces. More and more houses, schools, and buildings are using photo voltaic tiles for power as solar power technology becomes more mainstream. These photo voltaic tiles consist of silicon, and the neutrons have a reaction to the sun and are caught by small wires on the tiles. Solar power is predictable. The sun rises every day and gets hot at the same time of day and the same time of year. Solar energy is also reliable and renewable. â€Å"The technology and the systems are becoming smaller, more compact and better looking than when they were first created and used. Early examples of solar power systems can be seen in California where, in the 1980s, enough solar power panels were installed to power over 10 million homes†(Lenfki, Peter). Solar energy is worthwhile to invest in because, as well as wind power, it is a clean and efficient energy source. In some buildings in New York City, solar power is already being used, which is a good indicator of the bright future of the use of solar energy. Just the tiny fraction of the Suns energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. I favor solar power because it is eco-friendly, it is inexpensive, and takes steps in the direction of making the United States less dependable on un-renewable, expensive, and increasingly harmful energy sources. Research Papers on Wind Turbine - Research PaperThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Implementing Radical Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Implementing Radical Change - Essay Example This study follows the recommendations suggested by Gersick (1991) to differentiate between changes in processes and the outcome of these processes. The author used this recommendation to differentiate between the nature of changes and its implementation speed. These two dimensions have been used as frameworks to discuss all the issues related to radical changes implementation. This paper suggests that it is very useful to differentiate between the nature of changes and the speed of its implementation and assumes that this distinction is important to deal with radical changes; especially for researchers and change managers. This paper suggests that the gradual implementation of radical changes can reduce the degree of user resistance to changes. As pointed out by this paper, the gradual (slow) implementation of radical changes can be achieved with more effect under specific circumstances, especially in the software development. This study suggests that there are two key elements that contribute to the gradual implementation of radical changes: "organization characteristics" such as organizational culture and "technological innovation" such as investing in technology on a long-term. This study uses two dimensions of changes- the nature of change and the implementation of the changes. These two dimensions give the study a broad understanding of how the changes happen and what is the effective speed to implement the changes. The findings of this r... This paper suggests that the gradual implementation of radical changes can reduce the degree of user resistance to changes. As pointed out by this paper, the gradual (slow) implementation of radical changes can be achieved with more effect under specific circumstances, especially in the software development. This study suggests that there are two key elements that contribute to the gradual implementation of radical changes: "organization characteristics" such as organizational culture and "technological innovation" such as investing in technology on a long-term. 3.2. Evaluation This study uses two dimensions of changes- the nature of change and the implementation of the changes. These two dimensions give the study a broad understanding of how the changes happen and what is the effective speed to implement the changes. This study is limited to particular change in certain organizations during a short period of time and cannot be generalized into other changes in other organizations. The findings of this research results from the implementation of radical change in a specific organization settings, during the implementation of the specific technology -"CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tools". Hence there are no evidences to prove that the findings may be applicable to other technologies. 3.3. Key sources The authors of this paper based on the recommendation of Gersick as a key source for analysing the radical changes in the selected company. This paper drew on the works of Fichman, Kemerer and Orlikowski to categorize the implementation of CASE tools as radical changes. In addition, this study is based on the "episodic pattern" introduced by Tyre and Orlikowski to determine the implementation speed of

Diagnosis human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diagnosis human - Essay Example The medication of 11 percent of school age children including Ted’s own son is fascinating especially considering that the psychiatrists prescribe such kind of medication even before examining the patients. Human problems and sufferings have become part of pathology and monetized in pursuit of shortcuts to the solution instead of advancing our survival ability. As far as I am concerned, medication is only meant to ill some conditions that may need repair and this does not apply to broken heart. Indeed, enduring the intolerable is at times part of life hence should not be treated as an illness that require medication. It is impractical and irresponsible if medication is prescribed for patients who have not been physically examined. It is certainly unfortunate because every kind of medication under normal circumstances would require thorough examination of the patient. It makes it hard to find out the kind of problem a patient suffers from and this inflicts more pain to the pati ent. What if a wrong medication is done? Perhaps it will be blamed on whoever administered the drugs. There are numerous drugs that have been prescribed and recommended by psychiatrists but their effectiveness is questionable. The truth is whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has exact cure or it purely trial and error. ... It is a problem within us which cannot be solved by overdosing but by understanding the challenge. Ted Gup posits that he had unintentionally conspired with a system that undervalues discussion remedy by believing in medication that unconsciously does not even offer the best therapy. He admits that self medication is vital and very much adequate in dealing with some disorders. It is actually important to address challenges as they come instead of assuming them because they may later affect our lives or one another’s life in a way that although we will regret, it will be too late. Ted admits that he did not tackle his son’s problems from the onset: No one made him take the heroin and alcohol, and yet I cannot help but hold myself and others to account. I had unknowingly colluded with a system that devalues talking therapy and rushes to medicate, inadvertently sending a message that self-medication, too, is perfectly acceptable (Ted Web). Parents and guardians should take absolute responsibility in taking care of their children as well as closely watching their steps and actions. Children are influenced by their peers’ behaviors. Closer look and advice of children should be properly addressed and dealt with by the society too. Earlier observation of children’s conditions may make the people responsible to understand the conditions. Understanding the culture in which young people grow is fundamental as far as children’s behaviors are concerned. Some of the conditions and challenges affecting children and even the grownups in the society is some of the old dangerous culture that promotes the use of unapproved drugs. The culture of using off label drugs which are not tested and approved should be left out. The environment in

Why did the United States invade Iraq Term Paper

Why did the United States invade Iraq - Term Paper Example Therefore if a state functions within its own territories in a way that causes massive violations of these essential principles like manufacturing weapons of mass destructions or carrying out activities like genocide, then it is indeed a potential threat to the world community. The maxim â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† is very relevant here. The world has become a small global village wherein we are so interconnected that the act of one will affect another directly or indirectly. Actions of each and every state are now a matter of concern and should be closely scrutinized to prevent an era of disharmony leading to a situation like that of world wars. In the decades following the horrors of World War II and the genocide of European Jews, the world community was shocked and UN spurred by these terrible crimes demonstrated the renewed political will of bringing together the nations to combat any such threat to world peace and welfare in future. It has now become a general principle accepted both in  law  and practice that imperialism and foreign invasion were antithetical to the right of self-determination, which was understood to be the basis of the post-World War II worldwide  order. In the light of above mentioned principles of international law and its protected principles, an attempt has been made here to study the reason and legality of US’s attack on Iraq on various ground. ... We are still in a speculation mode regarding why exactly USA invaded Iraq; whether the motive was to actually disarm them of any weapons of mass destruction or was it because Bush administration eyed the oil wells of Iraq. In the era where the international values are â€Å"peace, security and the well being of the world†, it is not at all acceptable that a country wage war on another country for selfish ulterior motives, under the garb of protecting the noble principles of international law. Thus there is no denying the fact that there is an utmost urgency to probe into the reasons of such invasions. The USA’s invasion was criticized as illegal war legalized by misusing the international principles. If this is true then we are facing a very imminent threat posed by the developed countries to developing countries and this war will act as a bad international precedent for the same. Hence the actual reason behind the invasion of Iraq is a million dollar question. HISTORIC AL PERSPECTIVE USA and its allies attacked Iraq under the pretext that Saddam Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction and it was likely that he would pass along those arms to al Qaeda. However the validity of such a ground was later found to be highly diluted. Experts thereafter postulated that we cannot all together rule out the possibility that this war was the outcome of enigmatic psychology of bush, particularly with respect to his relationship with his father along with the irresistible temptation of getting a strong hold over the prized Mesopotamian oil fields. Possibly he sought to "finish the job" that his father had begun in 1991 or may be to avenge Hussein who was alleged to have made attempts to

Analysis of South Africas Retail Industry

Analysis of South Africas Retail Industry Executive summary South Africa is a player in the local and international retail industry. Retail like all business operates and is affected by external forces as well as internal forces. The external forces are commonly referred to as macro and micro environmental factors have a direct or an indirect impact on the retail industry. Retailers do not have much control over environmental forces unlike marketing variables. It is therefore crucial that every retail business identifies these forces and monitors them effectively to reduce negative impact on growth and profit margins. Retail is primarily about buying decisions and behaviours. Economics play a large part in influencing both individuals and organisations with regard to their buying decisions and behaviours. South Africa like any global player has as a top priority the aim to grow in terms of economic activity. The effect that the retail sector has on the SA economy and also on international impact of our retail sector on imports and exports are evaluated. The more business is conducted the more tax is available to the government to provide appropriate services and establish its various development programmes. Facts that are critical to success of South Africa retail industry are looked in relation to Market size and scope of growth of the retail industry in South Africa? Growth prospects and issues related to the industry? Size of segment of the organized market what are its growth prospects? Major players in South African retail industry, their strategies for growth, and their position in the market? Emerging trends in the South African retail industry? Opportunities challenges before the retailers in South Africa? Key findings are summarised, presenting the valid information relating to the contribution of the retail industry in the economic growth of the country. In the final stage of the analysis, a conclusion signifying which segment of Retail is most attractive is made, detailing the reasons for such conclusion, from beginning to end showing importance of the factors contributing to its attractiveness. Retail overview Retailing encompasses all activities involved in selling gods or services directly to final consumers for their personal non business use. Although most retailing is done in retail stores, in recent years non-store retailing has been growing much faster than has store retailing. Non-store retailing includes selling to the final consumers through direct mail, catalogs, telephone, the internet, TV home shopping shows, home and office parties, door to door contact, vending machines and other direct selling approaches. (Kotler, 2005) For purposes of this assignment only formal retail will be discussed. There are different type of retailers classified in terms of several characteristics including the amount of service they offer, the breadth and depth of their product lines and the relative prices charged and how they are organised. Major Store Retail types include Speciality Stores, Department Stores, Supermarkets, convenience stores, Discount Stores, Off-Price Retailers and Superstores. (Kotler, 2005 pg368) The sector encompassing wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants is an important contributor to GDP and employment for South Africa. It is evident that the preparations toward hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup have likely influenced a large increase in investment in the sector as hospitality services, for example, gear up for this major event. That said, the sector has been hard hit by the recent global economic slowdown, evident in the contraction in growth of the sector itself, as well as decreases in employment. The latter is of serious concern considering that the sector is South Africas third largest and also employs 22% of the labour force, with a large proportion being women from the informal sector. (Climate Risk Opportunity A15 Retail and Tourism, 2009) Key Players in the South African Retail Market : Pick n Pay; Metcash Ltd; Massmart Holdings Ltd; Woolworths Holdings Ltd; Spar Group Ltd; Edgars Stores Ltd. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the South African economy is expected to have contracted by 1.8% in 2009 in the wake of the sharp downturn in global demand and commodity prices, tougher financing conditions, weak household spending and low business confidence. Growth will bounce back in 2010 to 2.8% spurred by the hosting of the World Cup. However, the struggling sectors, mainly manufacturing and retail, will remain in doldrums. There is a risk that electricity shortages, will re-emerge in 2010-11, constraining energy-intensive sectors, such as mining, as new base-load power station are not expected to come on stream until 2012. (rru.worldbank, 2010) The overall Ease of Doing Business ranking slipped this year mainly due to a 22 spot drop in the Starting a Business Indicator. South Africa still ranks in the top 100 in eight indicators. The lowest ranking is in the Trading Across Borders indicator. (rru.worldbank, 2010) Macro environment analysis According (Neiman and Bannet (2002), p. 32), Macro Environment takes in consideration of all the external influences that restrain a bearing in the business, but is not compact beneath its direct subject of influence. The importance falls on the renovation that unmanageable micro-variables bring about, and their implications for the business, yet enduring alongside, each other of changes in the environment, in charge to be able to forecast the changes in the environment which can turn to be a difficult mission. The universe of sociological elements that affect a companys ability to serve its customers or sell its goods and services. There are six major macro environment forces: cultural, demographic, economic, natural, political, and technological. The cultural environment includes institutions and other forces that affect the basic values, behaviors, and preferences of the society-all of which have an effect on consumer marketing decisions. The demographic environment includes the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation, and other statistical information. The economic environment consists of all factors-such as salary levels, credit trends, and pricing patterns- that affect consumer spending habits and purchasing power. The natural environment involves all the natural resources, such as raw materials or energy sources, needed by or affected by marketers and marketing activities. The political environment includes all laws, government agenc ies, and lobbying groups that influence or restrict individuals or organizations in the society. The technological environment consists of those forces that affect the technology and which can create new products, new markets, and new marketing opportunities. (Dictionary of Marketing Terms) Regulatory and Political Environment: Regulatory and political environment denotes local, state, national, and global laws and regulation which concern businesses. Many business decisions are motivated by the legal and regulatory controls (Solomon, Marshall Stuart. 2006, p. 52). Retail Merchants like other industries are subjected to a number of local and international regulations. Political and legal factors contribute to the environment in which managerial decisions must be made. (Daniels)[1] They are an integral part of the retail operating environment. There are regulations governing the conduct of business in various sectors of the South African Economy. Regulatory bodies and processes the South African Retail Council (SARC (Consumer Goods Council)[2] A unified retail body that will strengthen retailers position and voice in the industry. The objective of SARC is to deal with issues pertaining to retailers interests, the pressing challenges facing the retail industry as a whole including: a fragmented retail representation to key stakeholders; and duplication of efforts and costs. As a collective voice for the industry SARC will shape the environment in which retail business takes place in South Africa. Fundamentally, SARC will focus on two particular areas as impacting on the retail industry: Economic legislative Affairs; and Labour Relations. As a unit within the CGCSA, SARC enjoys the benefit of sharing the existing infrastructure and well established resources currently enjoyed by CGCSA. SARC is mandated to engage in debates and discussions of legislation drafting which will impact on retailers; to give direct input into the South Africas regulatory frameworks. SARCs mandate with regards to labour relations would be to work w ith the government on labour issues especially regarding transformation and equity compliance. Members also have an opportunity to network through seminars, workshops and conferences thus getting an opportunity to learn and build relationships; Information and Resources: regular updates on industry position statements, policy papers or briefings and government submissions. Consumer Goods Council of South Africa[3] The Consumer Goods Council of South Africa is a Section 21 company representing over 11,000 member companies in the retail, wholesale and manufacturing of consumer goods. Its vision is to be a formidable and respected industry voice in South Africa. Its mission is to promote partnership amongst stakeholders across the consumer goods industry in resolving shared non-competitive matters in the most efficient manner to the ultimate benefit of the consumer. (CGCSA) Competition Commission In meeting the objectives to the Competition Acts, the commission is focused on restricting anti-competitive practices, eliminating abuse of dominant positions and strengthening merger control. Three institutions are created in terms of the Act to achieve the above objectives: The Competition Commission, which is independent but whose decisions may be appealed to the Competition Tribunal and the Competition Appeal Court; The Competition Tribunal, which has jurisdiction throughout South Africa and is independent from the competition institutions; and The Competition Appeal Court, which has status similar to that of a High Court and jurisdiction throughout South Africa. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) Sources: Government Communication and Information System, Waksmans Attorneys: Business Guide to South Africa, DTI Office of Consumer Protection[4] The Office of the Consumer Protection (OCP) functions as part of the consumer and Corporate Regulation Division of the Department of Trade and Industry (the dti). The OCP administers the Consumer Affairs (Unfair Business Practises) Act 71 of 1988. The office also enforces other legislation administered by the dti that contains consumer protection provisions. The Office of Consumer Protection is committed to protecting consumers against unfair business practices through complaints resolution, investigations, prosecutions, education and voluntary compliance programmes. It does this by: Promoting the spirit of fair trade between consumers and service providers; Educating consumers about their rights and duties; Providing quick and fast resolution of complaints through negotiated settlements; Investigating and resolving matters relating to unfair business practices; Prosecuting Offenders ITAC ITAC was established through an Act of Parliament, the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002, which came into force on 1 June 2003. The aim of ITAC, as stated in the Act, is to foster economic growth and development in order to raise incomes and promote investment and employment in South Africa and within the Common Customs Union Area by establishing an efficient and effective system for the administration of international trade subject to this Act and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Agreement. The core functions are: customs tariff investigations; trade remedies; and import and export control. Legal Environment In the context of Macro Environment analysis a legal system is the mechanism for creating, interpreting and enforcing the laws in a specified jurisdiction. The South African Retail environment is a regulated one exhibiting elements of constitutional law, criminal, civil and commercial laws. According to (International Business Environments and Operations 12th Edition, Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan; Pg 158) The constitution of a country is designed to guarantee an open and just political order, the criminal law is designed to safeguard the social order, the civil and commercial laws ensure fairness and efficiency of business transactions. Aspects of all three components bear on the decisions made by managers and investors. This accurately describes the legal environment in which the South African Retail market operates. The legislation applicable in the country is a method used by the government to regulate retail business practices, defining acceptable practices for conducting business transactions, to specific the rights and obligations of parties engaged in the business transactions and to afford legal redress when needed.(Int. bus Environ Operations) The South African legal climate is that of a democratic mixed legal system, engaging, common law, civil laws codified in various legislation, regulations and customary law. South Africa offers a balanced legal and political system safeguarding the interest of consumers as well as corporations, small medium enterprises. The political climate as well as the social environment is stable. The legal environment is derived partly from the political climate in a country and has three distinct dimensions to it: The domestic laws of home country; the domestic laws of foreign markets; International law in general. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Domestic laws govern marketing within a country, e.g. the physical attributes of a product will be influenced by laws (designed to protect consumers) relating to the purity, safety or performance of the product. Domestic laws might also constrain marketers in the areas of product packaging, marking and labeling, and contracts with agents. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) South Africas commercial legal system has been influenced by English law. English courts create and follow precedents just as South African courts do. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Central to all commercial activities is the contract. The purpose of a contract is to specify the respective rights and obligations of the parties to an agreement and outline specific procedures or actions that must take place. Buyers and sellers are at times also subject to international law, which may be defined as that body of rules which regulates relationships between countries or other international legal persons. There is neither an international parliament empowered to create international law; nor an international police force to enforce it. The principal sources of international law are treaties and conventions. Other sources of international law are custom (i.e. international practice that is accepted as law) and the general principles of law recognised by civilized nations or natural law (the basis of human co-existence). The Incoterms (2000), as published by the International Chamber of Commerce, are not, strictly speaking, part of international law. Another area in which international law plays an important role is in controlling the use of the sea and the environment outside the territorial waters of countries. The control of international air travel by organisations such as IATA (International Airline Transport Association), or structures such as The Hague-Visby Rules in relation to ocean freight, may also be regarded as part of international law. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Legislation affecting the Retail Market in South Africa:- Labour Laws in South Africa (Department of Labour South Africa)[5] (Employing Workers) Workers in the retail sector are protected by a plethora of legislation (listed below). Notably the protection afforded by legislation and regulations deals with: wages,, hours of work, leave, prohibition of child labor and termination of employment. Amended Labour Relations Act; Basic Conditions of Employment (Amendment) Act, 2002 ; Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997; Basic Conditions of Employment Act Labour Relations Act ; Labour Relations amendment Act 2002; Employment Equity ; Employment Equity Act ; Skills Development Act ; Unemployment Insurance Fund; Rules for the conduct of proceedings before the CCMA; Skills Development Act; Sectoral Determination: 9: Wholesale and retail sector; No. 85 of 1993: Occupational Health and Safety Act as amended by Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act, No. 181 Of 1993 Labour Regulations There is a plethora of regulations impacting the SA Retail labor and some of these are:-Driven machinery, Electrical Machinery, Construction ,Asbestos ,Lift escalator and passenger conveyer, Electrical Installation, Environmental regulation for workplaces, Facilities, Certificate of competency. South African Paint Manufacturers Association: Guide to Health Safety in the workplace Employment Equity: Code of good practice: Employment Equity, EEA 2: Employment Equity report, EEA 4: Income differential statement, EEA 10: Occupational categories, Technical Assistance Guidelines on the employment of people with disabilities) Land and Building Laws (Dealing with Licenses, Registering Property) Construction Industry Development Board Act, 2000; National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act (Act 103 of 1977); Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act Tax Laws (Paying Taxes) Taxation Laws Amendment Act, 1999; Taxation Laws Amendment Act, 2004; Value-Added Tax Act, 1991 See discussion on Tax below. Constitution of South Africa Commercial and Company Laws (Starting a Business, Protecting Investors, Closing a Business) Companies Amendment Act, 2004; Companies Act, 1973; Competition Act, 1998 Civil Procedure Codes (Enforcing Contracts, Closing a Business, Protecting Investors) Magistrates Courts Rules of Court Banking and Credit Laws (Getting Credit, Protecting Investors) Banks Act, 1990; Insolvency Act Unfair Business Practices Act no 71 of 1988 EXCHANGE CONTROLS (SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK) Financial Regulations (Financial Services Board) Consumer Protection Act no 68 of 2008 (Data to follow) Consumer Affairs (Unfair Business Practises) Act 71 of 1988 The act deals with unfair business practise which is defined as any businesses practice which directly or indirectly has, or is likely to have, the effect of harming relations between business and consumers, unreasonably prejudicing any consumer, deceiving any consumer or unfairly affecting any consumer. Competition Amendment Bill, 2008[6] In 2006 DT reviewed the current competition regulatory framework. The review of the existing competition law regime was informed by a need to respond to the industrial policy objectives such as promotion of competitiveness; Observations on the challenges of the competition authorities in dealing with uncompetitive outcomes resulting in artificially high prices to the detriment of consumers; e.g. competition problems resulting from complex monopolies or multi-firm conduct; To strengthen efforts on cartel enforcement by introducing personal liability on directors who cause their firms to engage in cartel activities. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) To address these, the dti proposes to introduce Competition Amendment Bill, 2008 (Bill). The Bill is not intended to overhaul the current competition regime but is focused on key areas aimed at Strengthening the existing provisions of the Competition Act; Providing the competition authorities with extra powers to deal robustly with uncompetitive practices; and Enabling the Competition Commission to play a more proactive role in investigating markets and take measures to ensure market transparency. Competition Commission Act[7] 1998 (Werksmans Publications) The Competition Act affects every business operating in South Africa, and the serious consequences of contravention necessitate a sound understanding of its basic principles. An overarching law, the Competition Act, prohibits anti-competitive behavior such as price-fixing and collusion between competitors, and the abuse of dominance. The Act also provides for a merger control regime in terms of which the prior approval of the competition authorities must be obtained for certain mergers and acquisitions. South African competition law differs from foreign models in that the focus is not purely on competition issues, but also on certain public interest and social goals such as the promotion of small businesses, the interests of employees and black economic empowerment. South Africa has a well-developed and regulated competition regime based on best international practice. South Africas economic system is predominantly based on free market principles. However, as in most developed economies, competition is controlled. The Act fundamentally reformed the countrys competition legislation, substantially strengthening the powers of the competition authorities along the lines of the European Union, US and Canadian models. The Act provides for various prohibitions on anti-competitive conduct, restrictive practices (such as price fixing, predatory pricing and collusive tendering) and abuses by dominant firms (firms with a market share of 35% or more). South African authorities embarked on a major overhaul of competition policy, which led to the formulation of a new policy, the Competition Act, No. 89 of 1998, which seeks to achieve the following objectives: To promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy; To provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices; To promote employment and advance the social and economic welfare of South Africans; To expand opportunities for South African participation in world markets and recognise the role of foreign competition in the Republic; To ensure that small and medium-sized enterprises have an equitable opportunity to participate in the economy; and To promote a greater spread of ownership, in particular to increase the ownership stakes of historically disadvantaged persons (HDIs). Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act No 53 of 2003[8] Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) is a specific government policy to advance economic transformation and enhance the economic participation of black people in the South African economy. The Department of Trade and Industrys (the dtis) growth strategy includes a focus on broadening participation, equity and access to redress for all economic citizens, particularly those previously marginalised. The Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) Act, No. 53 of 2003, facilitates the dtis work in this area by establishing a legislative framework for the promotion of BEE; empowering the Minister to issue Codes of Good Practice and publishing Transformation Charters; establishing the BEE Advisory Council; and making provision for matters connected therewith. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002, The object of the Act is to foster economic growth and development in order to raise incomes and promote investment and employment in the Republic and within the Common Customs Area by establishing an efficient and effective system for the administration of international trade subject to this Act and the SACU agreement. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) Intellectual Property Rights[9] South Africa has a developed system of intellectual property law covering patents, industrial designs, copyright and trademarks. It is also a signatory to most of the international conventions in this field. Environmental Regulation In terms of Section 24 of the Constitution and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) is to take care that a sound balance is maintained between environmental and socio-economic aspects in all policies, plans, programmes and decisions, including the encouragement of investment, granting of incentives and all other interventions. the dti encourages existing industries to implement Cleaner Production (CP) as an internationally adopted tool that incurs savings, increases competitiveness and elevates companies to higher levels of resource and energy efficiency. the dti at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development established the National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC), which implements CP in priority sectors, focusing on textiles, agro-processing and chemicals. NCPC sector projects are conducted in terms of Trade and Investment South Africa (TISA) Customised Sector Programmes (CSP). POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) The political environment has an impact on the attractiveness of economic prospects of a particular country or region, also a companys international activities. The decision on whether or on to transact will be influenced by various factors including financial penalties on a company or if unanticipated events in the political arena lead to the loss of income-generating assets. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) The greater the level of involvement in a foreign markets, the greater the need to monitor the political climate of the countries business is conducted. Changes in government often result in changes in policy and attitudes towards foreign business. Bearing in mind that a foreign company operates in a host country at the discretion of the government concerned, the government can either encourage foreign activities by offering attractive opportunities for investment and trade, or discourage its activities by imposing restrictions such as import quotas, etc. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za).Companies should therefore continually adjust their policies accordingly. Nearly all governments today play active roles in their countries economies. Although evident to a greater or lesser extent in most countries, government ownership of economic activities is still prevalent in the former centrally planned economies, as well as in certain developing countries which lack a sufficiently well developed private sector to support a free market system. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Reflected in a governments attitudes and policies towards business are its ideas about how best to promote national interest in the light of the countrys economic and political resources and objectives. Foreign products and investment seen to be vital to the growth and development of the economy often receive favourable treatment from the government in the form of reduced tax, exemption from quotas, etc. On the other hand, products considered by a government to be non-essential, undesirable, or a threat to local industry are frequently subjected to a variety of import restrictions such as quotas and tariffs. It is also important to be aware of the nature of the relationship between South Africa and the foreign target market. This was a major consideration during South Africas political isolation. Fortunately, South Africas international relations have normalised and today South Africa is viewed very favourably, from a political perspective, by the rest of the world. The political environment is connected to the international business environment through the concept of political risk. Political risk is determined differently for different companies, as not all of them will be equally affected by political changes. Political risk is of a macro nature when politically inspired environmental changes affect all foreign investment. It is of a micro nature when the environmental changes are intended to affect only selected fields of business activity or foreign firms with specific characteristics, (possibly by expropriation). When business is conducted in developing countries, the risks of greatest concern are civil disorder, war and expropriation. When business is conducted in industrialised countries, labour disruptions and price controls are generally seen to pose the greatest threats to a companys profitability. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Government Policies As in any other industry, the retail trader has to follow and honour laws and regulations of the host country and central regulations. At some level of the state, the retailer has to pay licence fees, and comply with community health and fire, safety standards, as well as zoning and building codes. At the point of the government and central controls can have a variety from pricing to employee hiring to the insurance of credit (Stewart Abbott. 1993, P. 115). South Africa operates an open market economy often retailers have challenges with compliance with the technical standards, regulatory and conformity assessment regimes are substantial, even when they are transparent. (Koch)(Technical Barriers to trade Barriers Faced by South African SMMES Michael A Peet Steven F Koch) Government regulation comes in many forms, such as tax regulation, labour regulation and regulations concerning the import and export of goods. These regulations have both costs and benefits, which government must balance. Regulation is a broad area that impacts on companies in many different ways. A study conducted and using data gathered from a number of South African Company surveys to investigate how government regulations impact on firms showed the following findings:- Funding, grants and initiatives Sources of funding for Companies or individuals doing business in South Africa are mainly from Commercial Banks. Funding from Bank Loans affords tax efficient benefits where the funds are used for the purpose of trade and in the production of income. The interest paid on the loan is tax deductible, subject to the transfer pricing and thin capitalization provisions. (DTI, 2009) Local borrowing virtually includes all forms of borrowing and financing facilities, e.g. bank loans, overdrafts, facilities and finance leases, credit extended to local suppliers of goods and services, borrowing limits are set on pre-set formula. Types of loans (DTI, 2009) include:- Mortgage Loans: each commercial bank applies its own policies; Unsecured loans: to finance working capital through overdrafts, depending on good standing of the company. Alternatively the banks can require security in the form of personal guarantees by the directors, physical security such as bond over unbounded property, or a cession of the book debts of the company. Discounting and factoring: discounting of e.g. foreign bills, trade bills, bankers acceptances or promissory notes. Corporate Finance: for medium sized companies, tailor made solutions for larger or more complex needs.; Export Finance and Guarantees State Assistance: The state owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) finances the private sector to facilitate commercially sustainable industrial development and innovation to the benefit of South Africa and Southern Africa. Finance is in the form of equity, quasi equity and medium tern loan finance. Interest rates are competitive and risk related and based on the prime bank overdraft rate. T